Can someone name a Popular bacteria that has a Flagellum?

I need someone to name a popular prokaryotic cell (bacteria) which projects a flagellum or cilia

Can someone name a Popular bacteria that has a Flagellum?
Escherichia coli is a very popular one.
Reply:vibrio cholerae....the causative organism in cholera.....it has a polar flagellum i think....
Reply:Um, what counts as a 'popular' bacterium? One that has lots of friends on Facebook?
Reply:I have a 10" flagellum.
Reply:E. coli has lots of flagella -- more than one per bacterium.



Reply:A flagellum (pronounced /fl蓹藞d蕭蓻l蓹m/, plural: flagella) is a tail-like structure that projects from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and it functions in locomotion.[1][2] An example of a eukaryotic flagellated cell is the sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself toward and through the female reproductive tract.[3] An example of a flagellated bacterium is the ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori, which uses its multiple flagella to propel itself through the mucus lining to reach the stomach epithelium.[4] Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella have some notable differences, such as protein composition, structure, and mechanism of propulsion. Flagella are structurally identical to eukaryotic cilia, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.[5] Flagella are cellular structures, not organelles.[citation needed]





The word flagellum comes from the Latin for whip.





Contents [hide]


1 Types


1.1 Bacterial


1.1.1 Flagella arrangement schemes


1.2 Archaeal


1.3 Eukaryotic


1.3.1 Structure


1.3.2 Mechanism


1.3.3 Flagella vs Cilia


1.3.4 Intraflagellar Transport


2 Irreducible complexity


3 See also


4 References


5 External links











[edit] Types


Three quite distinct types of flagella have so far been distinguished; bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic.





The main differences among these three types are summarized below:





Bacterial flagella are helical filaments that rotate like screws.[6][7][8] They provide two of several kinds of bacterial motility.[9][10]


Archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella, but are different in many details and considered non-homologous.[11][12]


Eukaryotic flagella - those of animal, plant, and protist cells - are complex cellular projections that lash back and forth.


Sometimes eukaryotic flagella are called cilia or undulipodia to emphasize their distinctiveness.








[edit] Bacterial





Flagellum of Gram-negative Bacteria


Examples of bacterial flagella arrangement schemes. A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichous; C-Amphitrichous; D-Peritrichous;The bacterial flagellum is made up of the protein flagellin. Its shape is a 20 nanometer-thick hollow tube. It is helical and has a sharp bend just outside the outer membrane; this "hook" allows the helix to point directly away from the cell. A shaft runs between the hook and the basal body, passing through protein rings in the cell's membrane that act as bearings. Gram-positive organisms have 2 of these basal body rings, one in the peptidoglycan layer and one in the plasma membrane. Gram-negative organisms have 4 such rings: the L ring associates with the lipopolysaccharides, the P ring associates with peptidoglycan layer, the M ring is embedded in the plasma membrane, and the S ring is directly attached to the plasma membrane. The filament ends with a capping protein.[13][14]





The bacterial flagellum is driven by a rotary engine made up of protein (Mot complex), located at the flagellum's anchor point on the inner cell membrane. The engine is powered by proton motive force, i.e., by the flow of protons (hydrogen ions) across the bacterial cell membrane due to a concentration gradient set up by the cell's metabolism (in Vibrio species there are two kinds of flagella, lateral and polar, and some are driven by a sodium ion pump rather than a proton pump[15]). The rotor transports protons across the membrane, and is turned in the process. The rotor alone can operate at 6,000 to 17,000 rpm, but with the flagellar filament attached usually only reaches 200 to 1000 rpm.





Flagella do not rotate at a constant speed but instead can increase or decrease their rotational speed in relation to the strength of the proton motive force. Flagellar rotation can move bacteria through liquid media at speed of up to 60 cell lengths/second (sec). Although this is only about 0.00017 km/h, when comparing this speed with that of higher organisms in terms of number of lengths moved per second, it is extremely fast. The fastest land animal, the cheetah, moves at a maximum rate of about 110 km/h, but this represents only about 25 body lengths/sec. Thus, when size is accounted for, prokaryotic cells swimming at 50-60 lengths/sec are actually much faster than larger organisms.[citation needed]





The components of the bacterial flagellum are capable of self-assembly without the aid of enzymes or other factors. Both the basal body and the filament have a hollow core, through which the component proteins of the flagellum are able to move into their respective positions. During assembly, protein components are added at the flagellar tip rather than at the base.[citation needed]





The basal body has several traits in common with some types of secretory pores, such as the hollow rod-like "plug" in their centers extending out through the plasma membrane. Given the structural similarities, it was thought that bacterial flagella may have evolved from such pores; how